Principles and Guidelines for Human Factors/Ergonomics Design and Management of Work Systems
Explore IEA and ILO guidance on applying human factors and ergonomics to create safer, healthier, more effective and sustainable work systems.

Laptop use can strain the wrists, neck, and shoulders. Because the screen and keyboard are fixed, it often leads to awkward wrist and hand positions that place pressure on the median nerve. Simple adjustments, such as raising your screen and using an external keyboard and mouse, can help prevent discomfort and reduce the risk of carpal tunnel symptoms.
There’s something about going home for the holidays. It’s nostalgic, it’s cosy, it’s comfortingly familiar, and it’s also where you’re now expected to log in and do actual work, somewhere between your mum livestreaming her latest batch of sausage rolls, your dad attempting to sync the fairy lights to his phone, and the children battling it out on Black Ops 6 or FC 25, volume hovering between “stadium” and “air raid siren.” Neighbours and friends pop in for a quick hello (it’s never quick), and there’s a general assumption that if you’re home, you can’t possibly be working.
Wherever you end up working: kitchen table, spare room, that corner of the sofa, your body doesn’t care that it’s the holidays. Spend long enough hunched over makeshift workspaces and you’ll greet the New Year with a stiff neck, an angry lower back, and possibly a standing appointment with a physiotherapist.
You don’t need a fancy ergonomic setup to stay comfortable – just a bit of ingenuity and a quick rummage through the house. This isn’t about recreating your office; it’s about survival. Think of it as ergonomic DIY to keep your spine on speaking terms with you.
Even in the most questionable of workspaces, remember the golden rules:




Get these sorted and you’ll survive the season without needing an emergency massage.

Full back support (lumbar to shoulder blades)

Feet flat on the floor, thighs parallel to ground

Ability to sit all the way back without perching like a nervous bird
Start by choosing the best chair available:
Now that you’ve got your chair, let’s make it actually work for you:

You’re looking for a small, firm cushion or throw pillow. Place it in the small of your back (lumbar area). It should feel supportive, not like you’re leaning against a marshmallow.
When you sit back, does the cushion push your spine into a gentle, natural curve? Good. Does it feel like you’re slowly sinking into a cushion void? Wrong cushion. Try again.

Here’s the ideal: feet flat on floor, thighs parallel to the ground. Simple in theory. In practice? Standard dining chairs seem designed for some mythical “average person” who definitely isn’t you.
You need elevation. Hunt down:

(check the bathroom, your mum always has one hidden somewhere)

(delivery boxes are perfectly sized, just reinforce with tape)

(those coffee table tomes about Tuscany that nobody reads? Suddenly useful)
Dangling feet put pressure on the backs of your thighs and lower back. Physics doesn’t care that you’re on holiday.
This creates pressure on your lower back and compresses your hip flexors. You have two options:

Add a firm cushion or folded towel to your seat to lift your hips higher than your knees. Test it—you want your thighs sloping slightly downward, not creating a V-shape with your knees as the peak.

If the chair is adjustable, lower it. If not, and you can’t raise yourself enough with cushions, you might need to find a different chair entirely. Look for lower seating options—kitchen chairs are sometimes lower than dining chairs.
When you sit all the way back with good posture, your thighs should be roughly parallel to the floor (or sloping very slightly downward from hip to knee). Your feet should rest flat without you having to point your toes or lift your heels.

A stable surface (revolutionary, we know)

Feet flat on the floor, thighs parallel to ground

Height that allows your elbows to bend at roughly 90 degrees

Kitchen counters are accidentally brilliant standing desks. They’re stable, they’re the right height for most people, and they give you an excuse to hover near the biscuit tin. Work standing for 20-30 minutes at a time, then switch back to sitting.

Hear us out: ironing boards are height-adjustable, stable, and available in basically every household. Yes, you’ll feel ridiculous. No, we don’t care. Adjust it to elbow height, test for stability (give it a little shake—if it wobbles, add books underneath the legs for stability), and you’ve got yourself a makeshift standing desk.

Most people end up here.

Use books or a laptop stand to raise your screen to eye level (more on this in Section 3)

Check if you can adjust your chair height. If not, add cushions to sit higher. If your feet then dangle, refer back to Foot Support (Section 2). It’s a balancing act. Literally.

First person at the table gets the corner with back-to-wall positioning (fewer distractions, better focus, optimal “I’m very busy working” vibes)


Hunt down hardback books.
Start with the largest, flattest book as the base
Stack evenly
Test stability before trusting it with your laptop (give it a gentle shake)
Adjust height until the top line of your screen hits eye level when you’re sitting with good posture
Use your external keyboard and mouse (you packed them, right?) so you’re not typing on a laptop that’s now at eye level

Sturdy, flat, surprisingly effective

The thick wooden kind, not the bendy plastic one

Reinforce with tape, test for stability, acknowledge the irony of using delivery packaging to improve your workspace
Same rules apply. Use a stand or prop it up on books. You’ll need that external keyboard even more urgently because tablet keyboards are ergonomic nightmares. If your parents have a Smart TV, consider connecting your tablet to it—suddenly you have a proper monitor. Holiday innovation at its finest.
If you’re working in a room with a mirror, use it to check your posture from the side. Are you craning forward like a tortoise? Adjust accordingly.


Your keyboard is flat on the table. Your mouse is also flat on the table. But the mouse is slightly lower due to surface angles or possibly just spite. This tiny height difference matters.
Grab a thin notebook or a small stack of paper (your dad’s crossword puzzle book, junk mail, that notepad from a hotel in 2009) and place it under your mouse. Now your mouse and keyboard are at the same height. Your wrist stays straight instead of bent. Small adjustment, big difference.

Your mouse should practically be snuggling your keyboard. The further away it is, the more you have to reach, the more your shoulder protests. If you’re extending your arm fully to use the mouse, you’ve positioned it wrong. Bring it closer. Personal space doesn’t apply to peripherals.

If your chair has no armrests (likely), use the table. Rest your forearms on the table surface while typing and mousing. This takes the weight off your shoulders and upper back.
Sharp table edges digging into your forearms. If the edge is cutting into your skin, fold a tea towel and place it along the edge as padding. Or shift your chair position slightly back.
Resting wrists on hard surfaces while typing. Your forearms should rest, not your wrists. Keep wrists straight and hovering slightly above the keyboard.
If you’re thinking “This seems overly fussy for just working a few hours”—consider that “a few hours” usually turns into six, and those bent wrists compound into wrist pain faster than you can say “carpal tunnel.” Better to sort it now than regret it later.

Natural light exposure (boosts mood, focus, productivity—all the good things)

No glare on your screen (bad for eyes, worse for Zoom calls where you look like a witness protection participant)

Adequate task lighting for reading documents

Best position: Sit perpendicular to windows (window to your side, not in front or behind you). This gives you natural light without glare. Aim to be at least 3 feet (91 cm) away from the window—close enough for light, far enough to avoid glare issues.

Avoid overhead lighting directly above your screen. It creates glare and contrast issues. If you’re in a room with harsh overhead lights and no control over them, angle your screen slightly to minimise reflection.
Task lighting is your friend. If you’re reading paper documents, you need 4-5 times more light than reading a screen requires.
Find:
If the lighting is terrible everywhere: Consider working in different rooms at different times of day. Morning light in the kitchen, afternoon in the sitting room, evening at the dining table. Nomadic working, but for light optimisation.

20-20-20 rule: Every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet (6 m) away for 20 seconds. Set a timer. Actually do it.
Blink frequently. You blink less when staring at screens. Conscious blinking prevents dry eyes.
Adjust screen brightness to match ambient lighting (not blazing bright in a dark room, not dim in bright light)
You’re constantly looking down at papers on the table, then up at your screen, then down again. Your neck is doing more cardio than you’ve done all December. You keep losing your place. This is inefficient and painful.


Look for a large stand-up picture frame (the kind that props up on a desk). Remove the photo of your parents’ holiday in Cornwall. Slide your document in front of the frame backing, or lean it against the frame. Instant document holder. Return the photo of Cornwall when you’re done.

Got a large wooden cutting board or chopping board? Prop it at an angle against something stable (a book, a box, the wall). Lean your documents against it.

If you’ve raised your screen on books or a stand, there’s now space between the keyboard and the screen. Place documents in this gap, propped upright. Not perfect, but better than flat on the table.

Take a cereal box or delivery box. Fold it into an L-shape or triangular prism (like a tent). Tape it to hold the shape. Place documents against it at an angle. Congratulate yourself on this feat of ergonomic engineering with household recycling.
Reduces neck strain: You’re not constantly looking down and up, down and up, like a very slow, very boring tennis match
Reduces eye strain: Your eyes don’t have to constantly refocus between two different distances
Improves efficiency: You’ll actually read faster and make fewer mistakes when you’re not craning your neck

You’re constantly looking down at papers on the table, then up at your screen, then down again. Your neck is doing more cardio than you’ve done all December. You keep losing your place. This is inefficient and painful.


Use a small glass instead of a large water bottle. You’ll need to refill it more often. Every refill = a break. Every refill = walking to the kitchen. Every refill = movement. Plus hydration. Plus more toilet breaks (which are also movement). It’s a self-sustaining system.

Taking a call? Stand up. Walk around. Pace the hallway. Your blood circulation improves, you sound more engaged (movement affects your voice), and you avoid the stiffness from sitting too long.

Every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds. Rests your eyes. Prevents eye strain. Easy to remember. Hard to actually do because you’ll forget. Hence: set a timer.

There is no single perfect position for eight hours. The best posture is the one you change regularly. Shift in your seat. Adjust your position. Alternate between sitting and standing. Your body is designed to move, not to hold a static position like a statue.

“I’m stretching” (true)
“I need to move” (also true)
“Ergonomics” (conversation ender)
“It’s for work” (vague enough to stop questions)
Combine movement with holiday tasks. Need to move? Offer to make tea for everyone (you’re moving AND scoring family points). Need a break? “Help” with dinner prep. Strategic multitasking.
You’re not going to win Ergonomic Setup of the Year working from your parents’ dining table surrounded by half-eaten selection boxes. And that’s fine.
You’re not trying to recreate your office. You’re trying to make it through the holidays without returning to work in January needing emergency physio, a new chair, and possibly a neck brace.

Is it perfect? Absolutely not.
Is it better than hunching over a laptop balanced on your knees while sitting on the sofa? Significantly.
And really, that’s the goal: good enough to avoid pain, simple enough to actually do, effective enough to matter.
Your spine doesn’t take a holiday. But with a bit of household MacGyvering, it doesn’t have to suffer through one either.
Sitting all the way back in chair (not perching on edge)
Cushion supporting lower back (if needed)
Feet flat on floor or footrest (not dangling)
Screen at eye level (top line of text when head is neutral)
Screen arm’s length away (roughly 20-28 in / 50-71 cm)
Keyboard and mouse at elbow height (90-degree bend)
Mouse next to keyboard (not miles away)
Forearms supported (resting on table or armrests)
Documents upright (if using any)
Timer set for breaks (30-45 minutes)
Water glass within reach (small glass for more refills)
Window glare managed (sitting perpendicular to window)
If you’ve ticked most of these, you’re golden. If you’ve ticked none, stop reading and go adjust your setup. We’ll wait.
Share it with someone currently working from their childhood bedroom wondering why their back hurts. Forward it to your colleague who’s definitely hunched over a laptop on their parents’ sofa right now.
Back at your real desk in January? Let’s make it work properly.
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